{"id":4113,"date":"2021-08-15T03:02:51","date_gmt":"2021-08-15T02:02:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thinkparrot.com\/?p=4113"},"modified":"2024-03-11T03:41:04","modified_gmt":"2024-03-11T03:41:04","slug":"aggression-in-parrots","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thinkparrot.com\/aggression-in-parrots\/","title":{"rendered":"Aggression in Parrots"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
Although parrots rarely bite in the wild, aggressive behaviour is often used to protect resources like a nest site\/territory, food, a mate, etc. However, rather than physical contact, body language and vocalisations are usually enough to successfully drive away the intruder.<\/em><\/h5>\n\n\n\n
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Bobbie tells Ollie, “Enter at your peril!”<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Consider too, the average human caretaker who is often forceful or dominating in their approach to the parrot. Words often used are \u201ccommand\u201d not \u201cask\u201d, disregard of body language (\u201coh, he\u2019s only bluffing\u201d), pushing a hand into the bird\u2019s chest to make him step up, scooping him up to put him into a carrier, catching him up in a towel to clip his claws, and so on. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the wild there is unlimited space for a parrot to flee to safety, but in a house, a cage, a small aviary or if the bird\u2019s wings have been clipped, fleeing is difficult if not impossible. Often the only way a parrot can defend himself is by showing “aggressive” behaviour or biting. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

We need to be more aware and sensitive in our approach.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Note: “aggressive” is in quotation marks because it is a construct, ie. a hypothetical mental cause. We don’t know for sure if the parrot is feeling “aggressive”. Someone else might label the exact same behaviour as “fearful” or even “excited”. It could be a mixture of all three. We can’t do anything about labels or constructs but we can<\/em> work with observable behaviour, such as biting or any body language leading up to it. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Body Language<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

By heeding the parrot\u2019s body language, we can often diffuse escalating unwanted behaviour. Birds are extremely aware of our own body language since it is their primary way of communicating. They are aware of our body language 100% of the time. We, on the other hand, are not so aware of theirs \u2013 we are busy watching TV, working on the computer, cooking the evening meal, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Try to be aware of what the bird is doing all the time – his body language. Most birds will show body language to say \u201cback off\u201d or \u201cI\u2019m no longer comfortable\u201d. It is up to us to heed it. If we consistently ignore the bird\u2019s body language, eventually he won\u2019t bother to give any and that\u2019s when people say their parrot bit\/attacked out of nowhere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sometimes changes in body language are so small they are almost imperceptible, but they are usually always there. You might see him breathe a little heavier, grip a little tighter, eyes might widen a little, his head might move back slightly or his whole body may lean away, his eyes might momentarily dart looking for an escape route.  The way he holds his feathers on certain parts of the body is a big give away – watch for changes \u2013 the feathers might rise or flatten depending on the individual. The bare skin on a Macaw\u2019s face might flush pink. The bird might open his beak wide over and over (sometimes called gaping). Or you could get a full-on, standing tall, eyes pinning, raised head feathers, spread tail, or maybe crouching forward, beak open. These behaviours could be attributed to aggressive, excited or fearful but they all likely mean “I’m not comfortable” or “back off!” <\/p>\n\n\n\n

With Kobe the Pionus, the times to watch out is if the feathers on his head and upper shoulders rise. That is my cue to back off and look away. I don’t want any conflict.  With Kobe I know that direct eye contact in these times makes matters worse. I have found I can diffuse the situation further by also saying something he says when he is relaxed which is just a soft “huh”. He often answers with something and all is ok again.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Do not touch if you value your fingers! <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
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Kobe gaping (opening beak wide over and over) – back off!<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Prevent the behaviour happening in the first place by changing the antecedent<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ask yourself, \u201cwhat did I do immediately before the aggressive response? How can I do it differently next time?\u201d If you don\u2019t change your own behaviour, you are teaching the bird to respond aggressively in the future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Perhaps you approached the parrot whilst she was in or on her cage and you were met with aggressive body language such as biting at the cage bars or lunging. One solution might be to move the cage where people don\u2019t have to walk right beside or directly towards it. I have also zig zagged towards an occupied cage and also a hanging playgym pretending to be going somewhere else.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If the problem is cleaning the cage, remove the bird first. If that is not possible, move slowly so as not to reinforce his chasing of your hands\/the cloth. Work on teaching him how to target<\/a>\/station to a perch in another part of the cage. This was how I dealt with the disabled Panama Amazon, Chico\u2019s extremely aggressive (climbing the bars and lunging) response to me when he first arrived. I also found singing to him softly as I cleaned seemed to calm him and let him know where I was since he is almost blind. He now stations for the head rubs I never imagined being able to give him. Anything is possible when you are able to start pairing your presence with good experiences! <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Note: the head rubs are on his terms – I paired them with a short rolling trill, as he can’t see. The trill has become a cue – I trill, Chico puts his head down, and I give him his head rub. That way we understand each other – no need for him to startle and bite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Chico stationing which I will reinforce every so often for a head rub so that I can clean the bars on the other side of the cage in peace<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Be careful not to over excite the parrot when playing with him – over excitement can so quickly tip over into aggression\/biting. If he\u2019s getting over excited, stop play\/freeze for a few seconds to let him calm down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Resource guarding might be a problem \u2013 attacking the hand if it comes to close to the food bowl or a toy etc. It is easy to get a bird to station (the same as targeting<\/a>) on a perch the opposite end of the cage for a lovely treat whilst you slot in or take out the food bowls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If she is likely to attack\/bite feet make sure everyone wears slippers\/shoes. Better still prevent her from walking on the floor in the first place by encouraging her to station on her own “furniture” like play stands or hanging boings etc. Fill them with enriching activities like toys and foraging opportunities. It is totally possible to gradually desensitize a parrot to feet\/toes. I did that with Bobbie the Red-lored Amazon. She would seek out my toes and bite them, especially if I had my feet up on the sofa. I caught the behaviour very early and covered my feet with a blanket. Gradually over a couple of weeks I slowly uncovered them in small stages, always stopping and covering again way before she even thought about biting them. Eventually there was no need for the blanket and I can now give her head rubs with my toes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Does the bird defend nesting sites, making it difficult for humans to go into that room? There is a video of an Umbrella Cockatoo in a kitchen doing exactly that. Remove access to any perceived nesting sites – close off gaps, remove boxes, and don’t allow access to the cupboards. Make other places like playstands more enriching with toys and foraging opportunities so that the bird will choose to explore these instead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Are visitors in danger of being attacked? Keep the bird caged for the duration of the visit\u2026 ie. make the unwanted behaviour impossible to do. Plus, don\u2019t allow the visitors to go up to the cage if it makes the bird uncomfortable\/causes an aggressive response. It is up to you to protect him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When interacting with the bird keep your energy levels calm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The aforementioned solutions have one thing in common. They are all antecedent changes. They take place before<\/em> the behaviour. Antecedents cue or set the stage for the behaviour to happen. Once a bird has bitten\/attacked, it is too late to do anything about it. The deed is done. Punishment is not going to change anything, and will in fact make matters worse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Punishment<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Punishment, one, doesn\u2019t work long term which is why the punishment usually escalates, and two, has its own fall outs, which include aggression (the very response you are trying to address!), apathy, and fear even to the point of phobia.  Plus, do you really want to be pairing yourself with aversives? It means that you will be associated with the punishment which is a sure-fire way to lose the trust of your bird.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Instead of punishing the behaviour, there are other much more effective ways to address it. We\u2019ve already looked at changing the antecedents, let\u2019s briefly discuss using negative reinforcement\/CAT.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Negative reinforcement and CAT<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

CAT (Constructional Aggression Treatment) can be an effective procedure to address extreme fear or aggressive responses, and\/or where desensitization and counter conditioning isn\u2019t working.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first task is to figure out what the parrot is getting by using aggressive (or fearful) behaviour. If it is to get you to move away, CAT might be a good tool to try.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CAT is based on negative reinforcement training. In a nutshell, it is reinforcing a desired behaviour by removing the aversive stimulus – which is exactly what the parrot wants. Often times that aversive stimulus is a human, but it can also be an object the bird is afraid of.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It takes a skilful trainer to be able to read the very slight changes in body language and to get the timing spot on. If you don\u2019t get these absolutely right, you can make the situation worse so it might be better to work with a behaviourist clued up on CAT.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CAT \u2013 the shaping procedure<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

You (the aversive stimulus) would start at a distance from the parrot where his body language remains relaxed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Take a step or two towards the bird until he begins to show the very beginnings of uncomfortable body language \u2013 maybe breathing a little heavier, eyes widening, maybe a tiny change in the way he is holding his feathers. Any more than this mild response and you\u2019ve gone too far.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stand at this sub-threshold distance until the bird begins to relax and offer other behaviours like turning his head to look at other things, shifting his weight on the perch, rousing his feathers or even preening. Immediately reinforce any of these alternative behaviours by turning around and walking back to your starting point (removing the aversive stimulus).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Repeat this step\/approximation at the same distance until the bird remains consistently relaxed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then move on to the next approximation which is to slightly decrease the distance between you, i.e. walk and stand slightly closer to the bird, never eliciting any more than the very lowest level of discomfort. Again, wait until he offers any other desired alternative behaviour and immediately reinforce (timing has to be spot on!) by turning round and walking back to your starting point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Repeat this approximation at the same distance until the bird remains consistently relaxed\u2026 and so on, getting gradually closer to the bird.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keep training sessions short as there is a low level of stress involved – maybe 5 to 10 minutes, here and there through the day. The reason for shaping different interactive behaviours is because you want the bird to feel comfortable enough to move around at your approach rather than freeze to the spot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If you have used CAT correctly there will be a point during the training where the bird will start to offer only relaxed body language. That\u2019s when you can gently switch to using positive reinforcement, maybe by offering a favourite treat to reinforce the relaxed body language.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Note: I have never used CAT as I am only just learning about it. However I have used negative reinforcement, which is very similar, to approach a fearful parrot<\/a> with great success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Other strategies<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

What acceptable behaviours can<\/strong> our parrot do? How can we arrange the environment so that he is successful?<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Increase the bird\u2019s repertoire of behaviours<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The more behaviours the parrot can do, the more choice you have to cue in that moment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Training<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

This is where training is a wonderful tool.  Teaching the parrot a new behaviour can be reinforcing for both of you. Start with something easy, like targeting<\/a>. Targeting is touching an object (perhaps the end of a chopstick or toy) with a body part (perhaps a beak or foot) for a reinforcer (a treat often works well). It can be taught inside or outside the cage. When shaping any new behaviour there is plenty of opportunity to earn reinforcement. And because you are the one providing the reinforcers, the bird will also begin to look forward to your presence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ollie targets the end of a chopstick<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Get the whole family involved in target training so that each person can provide reinforcers and therefore be paired with a good experience for the parrot. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Other ways of keeping your parrot occupied<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Think about what he can be doing whilst you watch TV, work on the computer, cook dinner, etc. Does he have somewhere to hang out on? Maybe a large spring swing hanging from the ceiling (which takes up no floor space), or a play stand on wheels with favourite toys tied onto it? Or foraging opportunities? Make his environment interesting. If he is busy there is less time for aggressive behaviours.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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A busy Bobbie<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

I have had many years of what I originally perceived as “hormonal aggression” with Kobe the Blue-headed Pionus. However, it is interesting that at night when he gets treats, head rubs and praise for going into his night cage, there is\/has been no aggression at all – ever! I think it is because at night he is being successful and earning reinforcers. I just expanded the idea of being successful into the day time too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hormones<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Aggression is often blamed on hormones, however hormones or not, the rules of behaviour (i.e. cause and effect) still apply. If you\/your arm wasn\u2019t there, you\/it wouldn\u2019t get bitten\/attacked etc. A parrot certainly can be more sensitive to cause and effect when hormones are surging. Throw in access to perceived nesting site and\/or unhealthy pair bonding with one human member of the family and you can definitely have a problem as the bird tries to drive off the rest of the family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What can we do to address hormones?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Discourage unhealthy pair bonding with one family member. Be a good friend to your parrot and encourage him to play independently, to sit by you, not on you. No stroking your bird anywhere apart from the head and possibly neck and only then, briefly. Baby parrots allow you to do anything with them, but it is different when they begin to grow up and look to become more independent – all the tactile cuddling starts to mean something very different and that’s when other family members apart from the favoured person can get attacked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Encourage all family members to interact with the parrot in a healthy way e.g. by positive reinforcement training. A parrot will choose to interact with a person who provides reinforcing consequences. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

If a family member is being attacked\/driven off it is best to address this using CAT (Constructional Aggression Treatment) as explained further up which works very well. As soon as that person can get close to the cage with the bird showing relaxed body language, then he\/she can switch to target training<\/a> through protective contact, ie. through the bars of the cage. If the person is nervous, favourite treats can be stuck on a twig or popsicle stick with peanut butter or cream cheese, and delivered that way so that fingers don’t come too close to the beak. Or use a length of millet spray – even big birds like millet spray. The next step would be to open the door of the cage while the person continues to target train at the back or side of the cage. This will show the person that the bird is not going to come rushing out and attack therefore instilling confidence in that person. At the same time, the favoured person must address the pair bond relationship – no more cuddling, shoulder time etc. Instead build a wonderful relationship through training – it will result in a much happier bird.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Remove all perceived nest sites. Boxes, access to small dark places like drawers, cupboards, the gap under the sofa or behind cushions, playing with the bird under sheets or blankets, or allowing the bird to crawl inside your shirt, etc., can be a real problem. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Bobbie in a box<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
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Kobe in a cupboard – his body language is already saying, “do not touch!”<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Make sure the bird has plenty of exercise to get rid of pent-up energy. Flying in particular will use a lot of energy, and release feel good endorphins. Using the muscles and bones connected with the process of flying will also help protect against a whole host of physical problems later, e.g., arthrosclerosis, osteoporosis, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Look at the diet.  Avoid warm, mushy foods and too many carbohydrates or fats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Make sure the bird gets plenty of sleep so that he is not grouchy. If you are watching TV all night in the same room as the bird, regardless of a cover over his cage, he is not going to be able to get a good night’s sleep. Perhaps wheel his cage into a different room or put him to bed in a dedicated night\/travel cage where he can rest undisturbed. However, some birds will regard a small cage like a night\/travel cage as a nesting site. The way to tell is if the bird is reluctant to leave it. If it’s a problem leave the bird to sleep in his big cage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What if the bird bites\/attacks?  <\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Never ignore the bite, as is so often advised. Ignoring shows the bird his attempt at communication has not been heard, that he has no control over his environment. This is the same as putting him in a position of learned helplessness which results in loss of trust. He has no option but to bite harder and more savagely to try to make himself understood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Show him it hurts but don\u2019t go over the top in your reaction or else he\u2019ll be looking for a wonderful high energy \u2018drama reward\u2019 next time. Try your best to diffuse the situation and remove any reinforcement by putting him down if he\u2019s on you, and if his body language says he\u2019s still hyped up, simply walk away.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If you are subject to a flying attack, remove any reinforcement for it by ducking and walk away.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a nutshell<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The best tactic is to catch the problem as early as possible. Arrange the environment so that he doesn\u2019t attack or bite in the first place. This includes reading and heeding body language and adjusting the antecedent. Keep pairing yourself with good experiences for the bird which includes earning reinforcers through training. Highly reinforce any other acceptable behaviours whilst being careful not to reinforce aggressive responses. Provide an enriched environment – a busy bird has less time to engage in unwanted behaviour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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There is more discussion on this topic in <\/em>Help! My Parrot Bites!<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Resources<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Steve Martin\u2019s Understanding Behavior, Naturally: https:\/\/naturalencounters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Understanding_Parrot_Behavior_Naturally-Steve_Martin.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr Susan Friedman’s Alternatives to Breaking Parrots: Reducing Aggression and Fear through Learning, 2002: https:\/\/www.behaviorworks.org\/files\/articles\/Alternatives%20to%20Parrot%20Breaking%202002.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pamela Clark\u2019s Avoiding Aggression with Start Buttons: https:\/\/blogpamelaclarkonline.com\/2019\/01\/31\/parrot-and-start-buttons\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pamela Clark’s Aggression in Parrots: https:\/\/blogpamelaclarkonline.com\/tag\/aggression-in-parrots\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Barbara Heidenreich\u2019s Addressing Aggressive Behavior in Birds: https:\/\/journals.tdl.org\/watchbird\/index.php\/watchbird\/article\/download\/1869\/1842<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr Susan Friedman\u2019s Parrots in Temporary Shelters, 2004: https:\/\/www.behaviorworks.org\/files\/articles\/Parrots%20in%20Temporary%20Shelters%202004.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mario Ancic\u2019s explanation of Constructional Aggression Treatment (CAT): https:\/\/www.training-your-dog-and-you.com\/constructional_aggression_treatment.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Barbara Heidenreich\u2019s podcast interview on CAT with Kellie Snider: https:\/\/animaltrainingfundamentals.com\/podcasts\/c-a-t-with-kellie-snider\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Barbara Heidenreich’s podcast interview on CAT with Jesus Rosales-Ruiz and Mary Hunter: https:\/\/animaltrainingfundamentals.com\/podcasts\/effective-reinforcement-with-jesus-rosales-ruiz-and-mary-hunter\/<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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What is the purpose of aggressive behaviour in our parrots? How to address aggression using the least intrusive methods<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4171,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nAggression In Parrots | ThinkParrot<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What is the purpose of aggressive behaviour in our parrots? 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